US drug approvals rise in 2020 over previous year

Several medicines were approved as first treatments, including Gilead Sciences' Veklury (remdesivir) for patients with COVID-19 who require hospitalization (4);Amivas' artesunate for injection for severe malaria (5);Horizon Therapeutics Ireland DAC's Tepezza (teprotumumab-trbw), an antibody drug conjugate (ADC) for treating thyroid eye disease (6);and Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical's Dojolvi (triheptanoin) and Alnylam Pharmaceuticals' Oxlumo (lumasiran), both first treatments for metabolic disorders-Dojolvi for treating paediatric and adult patients with molecularly confirmed long-chain fatty acid oxidation disorders (7) and Oxlumo (lumasiran) for treating the rare genetic disorder, primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (8). Blueprint Medicines Corporation) for treating unresectable or metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumours harboring a platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha exon 18 mutation (9);Koselugo (selumetinib, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals), for neurofibromatosis type 1 (10);Pemazyre (pemigatinib, Incyte Corporation), for certain types of previously treated, advanced bile duct cancer (cholangiocarcinoma) (11);Tabrecta (capmatinib, Novartis) for non-small cell lung cancer that has spread to other parts of the body and whose tumours have mutations that lead to MET exon 14 skipping (12);and Retevmo (selpercatinib, Loxo Oncology, a subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company) for treating three types of tumours with alterations of the "rearranged during transfection" gene (13). Gilead, "U.S. FDA Approves Kite's Tecartus, the First and Only CAR T Treatment for Relapsed or Refractory Mantle Cell Lymphoma," Press Release, 24 July 2020.

A narrative review on the role of technology and nutrients in ocular health

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a revolution in the education sector. The continuous use of gadgets for learning and entertainment has aroused a keen interest in eye health and the role of foods and nutrients in improving eye health. This study aims to identify and summarize various eye disorders and parameters that are involved in ocular health. Methods: A detailed search of related literature has been carried out with the help of authenticated search engines like Pubmed and Google scholar to review the major deleterious eye problems that persist, and the aetiology of the disorders. Though ocular health is determined by several parameters like socio economic factors, genetic determinants, gender, race, life style and nutrition, diet seems to be a significant lifestyle element that pose to have longstanding effects on ocular health. This study concludes that, it is not an individual nutrient or non-nutrient that impacts eye health, rather a holistic nutritional approach renders more efficacy on vision. It is emphasized that a proper advocacy of foods and nutrients, wise means of technology usage can help to overcome the deleterious effects of deficiencies on eyes.

Relations between the ocular surface and SARS-CoV-2 / Relações entre superfície ocular e SARS-CoV-2

ABSTRACT Introduction: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has been a major challenge for the international scientific community. Since its inception, studies aiming to describe pathophysiological aspects and clinical manifestations of the disease have been conducted, raising hypotheses and confirming possible associations. One aspect of this scientific medical production is the role of the ocular surface as a means of transmission and clinical presentation of viral syndrome. Objectives: To analyze the role of the ocular surface in transmission, pathophysiology, and clinical manifestations of SARS-CoV-2, by means of a systematic review. Methods: The search was carried out in three databases: Cochrane, PubMed Central Journals and MEDLINE, using the following descriptors: "COVID-19, ophthalmology". The filters last five years and studies on humans resulted in 32 studies; in that 12 were excluded for not meeting the purpose of the study. Results: There are still few published studies on the relation between SARS-CoV-2 and the ocular route. Most studies showed an association between the presence of nonspecific ocular manifestations and infection by the new coronavirus, with limitations in the number of patients analyzed and the methodology adopted. Hypotheses about the pathophysiological role are largely anchored in the association of SARS-CoV and the ocular surface evaluated in the past. Comments: The results found are still not sufficient to confirm the role of the ocular surface in the pathophysiology of the disease. Most of these preliminary studies are of considerable importance in raising hypotheses based on the medical analysis of the patients studied. However, larger studies with standardized methodology for diagnostic protocol and laboratory analysis of the individuals assessed are required.

RESUMO Introdução: A pandemia da SARS-CoV-2 tem sido um grande desafio para a comunidade científica internacional. Desde seu surgimento, estudos com a intenção de descrever os aspectos fisiopatológicos e as manifestações clínicas da doença vêm sendo conduzidos, levantando hipóteses e confirmando possíveis associações. Um dos temas dessa produção médica científica é o papel da superfície ocular como meio de transmissão e apresentação clínica da síndrome viral. Objetivo: Analisar o papel da superfície ocular na transmissão, na fisiopatologia e nas manifestações clínicas de SARS-CoV-2, através de uma revisão sistemática. Realizou-se a busca em três bancos de dados Cochrane Database, PubMed® e MEDLINE®, utilizando os descritores "COVID-19 e ophthalmology". Foram definidos como filtros o artigo ter sido publicado nos últimos 5 anos e estudo realizado em humanos, tendo sido encontrados 32 artigos. Destes, foram excluídos 12 por não corresponderem ao objetivo do estudo. Resultados: Ainda são poucos os estudos publicados sobre a relação entre o coronavírus 2 da síndrome respiratória aguda grave (SARS-CoV-2) e a via ocular. A maioria dos estudos mostrou associação entre a presença de manifestações oculares inespecíficas e a infecção pelo novo coronavírus, com limitações no número de pacientes analisados e na metodologia adotada. Hipóteses sobre o papel fisiopatológico se ancoram, em grande parte, na associação estudada entre o SARS-CoV-2 e a superfície ocular no passado. Comentários: Os resultados encontrados ainda não são suficientes para confirmar o papel da superfície ocular na fisiopatologia da doença. Grande parte desses estudos preliminares têm importância considerável ao levantar hipóteses baseadas na análise clínica dos pacientes estudados. No entanto, são necessários estudos maiores e com metodologia padronizada para protocolo diagnóstico e análise laboratorial dos indivíduos avaliados.

Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant infection: a report of three cases in a single family

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that has resulted in global pandemic and crisis in health care system. Several studies have focused only on hospitalized patients with 30 to 90 days after one cycle of illness but post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 existing even after a year remains unclear. Moreover, long-term sequelae in outpatients have not been documented and henceforth myriad clinical sequelae in long haulers continue to evolve. In this study, we report three cases represents a single family presenting several post-acute sequelae one after the other extending beyond one year of recovery. To our knowledge such a case series has not been reported in earlier studies. Herein, we present the sequelae in various organs namely neuropsychiatric (tinnitus, anxiety, depression, insomnia, and posttraumatic stress disorder, cognitive decline), cardiovascular (tachycardia, bradycardia), gastrointestinal (appendicitis) and Dermatologic (erythematous rash and acne) besides ophthalmic manifestations (conjunctivitis and dry eyes) in Long-COVID-19 and recommend management strategies.

A hospital based observational study of clinical spectrum and outcome of mucormycosis during the COVID pandemic

Background : Mucormycosis is a life threatening fungal disease caused by the filamentous fungi mucormycetes. Though a known entity for decades, it began to manifest in an unprecedented manner in the COVID scenario specially with the second wave in India. The objectives were to describe the demographic characteristics, clinical presentations, risk factors, therapy and in-hospital mortality of patients with Mucormycosis. Material and Methods : We conducted a retrospective observational study for a period of six months from March 2021 to August 2021. The data was collected for cases of mucormycosis from multiple centres all over West Bengal and analysed. All consecutive individuals with confirmed mucormycosis were enrolled in this study. The data documenting demographic particulars, presentation, predisposing factors and comorbiditieswere recorded in a pre validated case report form Details of investigation recording site and extent of disease, therapeutic intervention and outcome was mentioned . Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 21.0 for MS-Windows. Results : The total number of cases from March to August 2021 was 263 . There were 171 males and 92 females and the mean age of occurrence was 50.8+or-0.4 years .In West Bengal clusters of cases were being reported most commonly from the districts of North 24 Parganas, Kolkata, Jalpaiguri, Darjeeling and Hooghly. Some cases admitted here hailed from outside states like Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha and Assam. The majority of the cases 74.22% (196)were COVID Associated Mucormycosis (CAM) while only 25.78% were non COVID associated. Diabetes mellitus was associated in 78.7% and history of prolonged steroid therapy in 57.4% of cases. We encountered rhino orbital mucormycosis in 99.24% of cases and cerebral involvement in 47.3%. They were treated with Amphotericin B deoxycholate along with endoscopic debridement. The most common side effects of Amphotericin B Deoxycholate were hypokalemia (93%), hypomagnesemia (32%) and AKI (74%) of the cases . The number of patients discharged was 16.7% and 10 left against medical advice (LAMA) . In hospital deaths were recorded to be 26.7%. Cause of death was commonly -AKI, septic shock and multiorgan failure . Conclusion : Prevention is better than cure of this devastating disease which is difficult todiagnose and treat . Awareness about mucormycosis and careful clinical evaluation of post-COVID patients is mandatory in this era in order to rapidly diagnose and treat mucormycosis.

Frequency of Dry Eye Diseases among Children During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Pakistan

Objective: To assess the frequency of dry eye among children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Pakistan Naval Ship Hafeez Hospital, Islamabad Pakistan, from Mar to Aug 2021. Methodology: Children aged 7-15 years reporting to the PNS Hafeez Hospital, OPD were included in the study. A proforma was used to record the demographics and screen time of the children. In addition, an ophthalmic examination was conducted to assess the dry eye status of the children using the Schirmer-II test. Results: Seventy-three children participated in the study. Their mean age was 11.08±2.42 years. There were 40(54.8%) boys and 33 (45.2%) girls. These children had a mean daily screen time of 7.23±2.77hours. Children with dry eye had a greater amount of screen time (8.75±2.11hours) as compared to those with normal tear function (6.05±2.66 hours;p<0.001). In addition, the screen time of children with dry eyes was significantly greater than those with normal tear functions (p=0.001). Conclusion: Children with dry eyes were reported to have more screen time and more online classes than their counterparts with normal tear functions. Authorities should consider resuming face-to-face sessions for all school children.

Deep Network Analysis and Prediction of Ophthalmic Disorders

Everybody, around the globe, is aware that their kids, relatives, and family are suffering from the pandemic COVID-19. S everal people are still facing post-COVID-19 issues. During COVID-19's second wave, mucormycosis, sometimes known as "black fungus, " plagued people, especially those who had previously been infected with the virus. The clinical manifestations of mucormycosis are quite varied, the disease affects the skin, subcutaneous fatty tissue, and visceral organs such as the eyes and brain. This paper surveys the Mucormycosis-affected eye diseases due to post-COVID-19 complications and leverages the Machine learning model to differentiate it from other eye diseases. COVID-19-associated Mucormycosis carries a very high mortality rate and timely detection that can assist people in starting therapy at an early stage of the disease, increasing their chances of recovery. Though it was evaluated for a specific disease (COVID-19-associated mucormycosis) we ended up developing a framework that can detect other eye diseases. Thus, the goal of this research is to distinguish Mucormycosis from other eye diseases such as Bulging Eyes, Cataracts, Crossed Eyes, Glaucoma, and Uveitis. This study implies Deep learning techniques with a Convolutional Neural Network based on the TensorFlow and Keras model to detect and make use of computer vision to accurately classify eye diseases. We achieved a precision of 70% in this study by developing a webpage using the trained model for an eye diseases evaluation. © 2022 IEEE

Risks of Visual Impairment and Its Progression in Children and Adolescents under Modern Conditions of Education and Upbringing: A Scientific Review

Introduction: Intensive introduction of digital technologies and educational tools poses risks of visual impairment in children and adolescents as the most active users of the digital space. Objective: To assess risks of visual impairment in children and adolescents in the context of active dissemination of digital technologies in education and everyday life based on a literature review in order to choose directions for pediatric prevention of eye diseases. Materials and methods: We did a review of Russian and English language scientific literature published in 2007-2021, found on eLIBRARY.ru, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus information portals and platforms. We selected 48 articles containing an evidence-based assessment of risks of eye diseases related to e-learning and long screen time in children and adolescents, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdown. Results: We observed combined risks of visual impairment and musculoskeletal disorders due to violation of hygienic requirements for illumination, working posture, distance to the screen, and screen time when using various gadgets. Concom-itant risk factors for eye diseases related to vitamin D deficiency were evaluated. Conclusions: We identified groups at risk of visual impairment based on health indicators and the intensity of using the digital environment. We also specified basic methodological and regulatory documents, the compliance with which could reduce the risks of visual impairment in children, adolescents, and students, and proposed up-to-date directions of research on the topic of the review for maintenance of eye health. © 2022, Federal Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology. All rights reserved.

Ocular manifestations of COVID-19 infection

The eyes, which were not previously the subject of investigation, have emerged as one of the more intriguing aspect of COVID-19 infection. The probable pathways for SARS-CoV-2 infection through the eyes are either through the tear film and draining tear ducts leading to the upper respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract, or through the conjunctiva into limbal superficial cells into the inner eye, where distribution via the blood or nervous system appears to be possible. Virus pathogenesis through tear and conjunctiva has been established in animal models of several coronavirus eye diseases, and preliminary research have shown that SARS-CoV-2 may do the same in humans. Given that COVID-19 cases have reached pandemic proportions and are on the rise, it is vital to recognize the illness's ocular manifestations and avert potentially vision-threatening effects. Coronaviruses may be transmitted between animals and humans through evolution, therefore investigating them in animal models could be crucial in the future to discover further elements of ocular involvement. It is recommended that health care and individual personnel take steps to avoid infection and limit viral transmission. More study is needed to understand the transmission pathways and the alternatives for COVID-19 prevention and therapy disseminated through the ocular surfaces for prompt recovery of the patients.

Computer-related ophthalmic syndrome in teachers of a University of the Province of Cañete.

Virtual education has impacted the vision of people during the coronavirus pandemic, as by spending more time on the computer, it compromises the eye health of the person causing long-term visual problems. So the objective of this investigation is to assess computer-related ophthalmic syndrome in teachers of a University of the Province of Cañete. Methods: This is a quantitative, nonexperimental, descriptive, cross-sectional study on a total population of 63 teachers, who answered a digital survey using the sociodemographic data and the Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire. Clinical Discussion: From the results it can be observed that the results of computer ophthalmic syndrome in the university teachers of the province of Cañete, where 51 (81%) of the teachers do not present the computer vision syndrome and 12 (19%) presented with the computer vision syndrome. Conclusion: The population conducting virtual education as well as the students should be educated on the measures to be taken to prevent computer ophthalmic syndrome and its consequences.

Ang Ating Mata: Disparities in Eye Health Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices among Older Adult Filipino-Americans in the San Francisco Bay Area Counties.

Filipino-Americans are the third largest Asian-American population, with a median age of 44. However, there is limited literature focusing on the group's ophthalmic care engagement. Timely eye examinations and outreach are necessary to reduce visual impairment in this older community. To assess eye care knowledge, attitudes, and practices, we conducted a cross-sectional study surveying Filipino-Americans within the nine San Francisco Bay Area counties. Associations between primary outcomes and sociodemographic factors were analyzed using chi-squared analysis and student's T-test. In our convenience sample of 256 surveys, a majority of participants are receiving appropriate eye care; those that lacked health and eye insurance, immigrated and are lower income did not receive optimal eye care. Study participants also demonstrated a lack of awareness of eye diseases and risk factors. Our results suggest that culturally sensitive eye health education materials are lacking and should be made accessible for this large and rapidly growing population.

Central retinal artery occlusion with cilioretinal artery sparing secondary to COVID-19: Additional ocular complication.

We describe a 68-year-old female patient with unilateral central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) with cilioretinal artery sparing post-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. The patient presented with acute vision loss in the left eye 11 days after discharge from a severe COVID-19 infection, with altered D-dimer, C-reactive protein, and fibrinogen levels. The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in the left eye was 20/400; fundoscopic examination revealed diffuse pallor retina with a patent arterial branch from the optic disk to the fovea, confirmed by fluorescein angiography. CRAO with a cilioretinal artery sparing post-COVID-19 may be considered an additional ocular manifestation of the post-acute COVID-19 syndrome spectrum.

Computer vision syndrome in teachers of a university of the province of Lima

Virtual education has generated consequences at the visual level of people during the coronavirus pandemic since spending more time on the computer, it compromises the eye health of the person causing long-term visual problems, so its research objective is to determine the computer-related ophthalmic syndrome in teachers at a university of the province of Lima. It is a quantitative, non-experimental, descriptive, and cross-sectional study, with a total population of sixty-three teachers who answered a digital survey with socio-demographic data and the Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire (CVS-Q) instrument. In the results, we can observe the results of the computerized ophthalmic syndrome in teachers at a university in the province of Lima, where 51 (81%) of the teachers do not present computer vision syndrome, and 12 (19%) present computer vision syndrome. In conclusion, the population conducting virtual education should be educated as well as students about prevention measures for computer ophthalmic syndrome and its consequences.(c) 2022 The Authors. Published by IASE. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

A community-led outreach programme to improve eye care service delivery in Sri Lanka. (Special Issue: Community engagement in eye care: working with and for communities.)

According to the most recent national census on blindness, nearly 100,000 persons in Sri Lanka over the age of 40 are thought to be blind from untreated cataracts. Due to the COVID-19 epidemic and the fact that more than 80% of the population lives in rural areas, access to eye care is currently limited. The Association of Community Ophthalmologists of Sri Lanka (SLACO) has been providing free outreach eye care visits on a regular basis in rural regions for the past five to six years in an effort to solve the issue. These visits primarily serve to provide patients with free reading glasses and referrals for complimentary cataract surgery. SLACO members volunteer their services without payment. After registration, individuals had their eyes tested and their distance and near visual acuity were measured. As walk-in patients were accepted, the community ophthalmologist from SLACO assessed 143 patients and gave 120 of them near-vision glasses. 43 patients with operable cataracts had pre-operative evaluations (ECG, fasting blood sugar, and blood pressure check) that day. Because there was a two-year waiting list for the three closest government eye units, SLACO arranged for them to be sent to a charity eye hospital in Colombo.

Teleophthalmology case study: Sankara Nethralaya, India

Both current and new patients at Sankara Nethralaya Eye Hospital can use free community-based teleophthalmology services as well as paid online services, even if they do not have personal internet access. The first eye hospital in India to use teleophthalmology to offer primary eye treatment to patients in remote communities was Chennai's Sankara Nethralaya Eye Hospital in 2003. This free service provides thorough eye exams as well as screening for cataracts and diabetic retinopathy utilizing a satellite link put on the roof of a mobile eye care van. It quickly became apparent that more people not simply those in rural areas would need teleophthalmology services with the COVID-19 pandemic's arrival in 2020. The Indian government's practice guidelines for telemedicine, which it released at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic offered a framework for the control and expansion of teleconsultation services in the nation. Sankara Nethralaya set up three new teleophthalmology access points for new patients, current patients, and patients who do not have access to the internet but can visit an optical store in response to this and in addition to its current service in rural areas. A patient can consult an ophthalmologist directly from home using this paradigm, which uses not many resources. An electronic medical records system, teleconsultation capabilities (audio/video calling), and a payment portal are necessities for the hospital. After their eligibility has been verified at the hospital, clients who are unable to pay can receive free teleophthalmology services. Patients utilizing this model must have a smartphone and an internet connection (mobile internet or otherwise). Patients without smartphones are unable to share medical records or photographs, but they can still seek advise from doctors by making audio calls and sending short messages (SMS), as well as visiting an optical store that is affiliated with the hospital, if one is close. Teleconsultations are useful for pre-operative counseling, second opinions, evaluating uploaded patient records, and monitoring post-operative patients. Orthoptic, contact lens, poor vision, rehabilitation, and genetic counseling services can all be provided via teleconsultations. The quality management staff will be able to provide better services by gathering patient input after each teleconsultation and responding quickly to complaints.

Communication technology for eye care

If equity of access is a priority, communication technology has the ability to significantly increase access to eye health care. Digital technologies are a part of everyday life and, when used in the healthcare industry, have the potential to significantly enhance people's health. The World Health Assembly's adoption of the Global Strategy on Digital Health in 2020 encourages the development of digital health services to enhance health outcomes. There is also growing agreement that more people will be able to take advantage of universal health coverage thanks to the use of cutting-edge digital breakthroughs and technologies. Big data, artificial intelligence, genomics, wearable technology, and communication technologies are all included under the general phrase "digital health." The emphasis in this issue is mostly on communication technologies, including telehealth, telemedicine, and teleconsultations (often known as "mHealth"). These have evolved into essential resources for providing healthcare, in part as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic's pressures. Communication technology has a lot of promise to contribute to the provision of high-quality, reasonably priced healthcare. But there are difficulties. As our article on advances in refractive error shows, new technology can be expensive and as a result, must be well adapted to the demands of the community where it will be utilized as well as of adequate quality to justify the financial investment made. Existing disparities in communities' access to technology, infrastructure, and education present another significant obstacle. If we want to prevent escalating currently present health imbalances, we must use technology in a manner that is appropriate, equitable, and ethical. When adding communication, they should focus on factors like inadequate internet connectivity, low digital literacy, and lack of access to broadband internet and smartphones, often known as "digital determinants of health." As a result, this issue's papers offer recommendations for creating inclusive and accessible teleophthalmology services for persons with disabilities, limited digital literacy, and those without internet access, while safeguarding patient data and privacy. This article also talk about the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in eye care and the necessity for fair AI service development.

Characterization of viral shedding of Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus-2

Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging pandemic of highly contagious caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus -2 (SARS-CoV-2). Understanding the infectivity of various clinical samples and its transmission routes have been the main focus of current researches since the causative pathogens was identified. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the viral shedding from different clinical samples and reveal that infectious virus may be mainly discharged through respiratory and digestive systems. Also, SARS-CoV-2 showed a potential tropism for eyes, kidney, testis, placenta and other extrapulmonary tissues and high viral loads correlated with severe conditions. A better understanding of viral shedding may help the studies on pathogenesis and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and provide suggestions for the disease control.

Clinical diagnosis and treatment of Epstein-Barr virus infection initially manifested as ocular diseases in children

Objective: To investigate the clinical. features and treatment of ophthalmopathy secondary to EB virus(EBV) infection in children.

Oral-Systemic Health and Disorders: Latest Advances on Oral–Gut–Lung Microbiome Axis

In particular, the bi-directional communication network, also known as the gut lung axis connecting the intestinal and pulmonary microbiota, is considered responsible for the massively increased bacterial load in the cecum after acute lung injury, causing alterations in airway microbiota and its transitory translocation into the bloodstream toward the bowel [7,8]. [...]subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease often show intestinal hyper-permeability and a high prevalence of IBD [9]. Both mechanisms would underlie the association between periodontitis and inflammatory and degenerative diseases, such as atherosclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, age-related macular degeneration [22], chronic inflammatory bowel disease [23], and solid neoplasms, such as colorectal carcinoma [24]. [...]intestinal microbes could, due to mucosal barrier impairment, translocate to the liver through the biliary tract and the portal vein, and oral dysbiosis could exacerbate chronic liver diseases, likely modulating the gut ecosystem through the oral–gut axis, on the one side, and may reflect the intestinal dysbiotic ecosystem, affected in turn by hepatic diseases, on the other side [12,25]. Furthermore, mainly the upper but also the lower airways of healthy individuals frequently harbor oral anaerobes, including Prevotella and Veillonella species, probably secondary to continuing microaspiration by contiguity. [...]detecting oral bacterial DNA in the lower airways in healthy subjects could represent the traces of aspirated oral bacteria either not eliminated through physiological clearance or living in dynamic equilibrium with host defensive responses by promoting mucosal immunity of the Th17/neutrophilic phenotype and suppressing innate immunity. Whether bacteria from the oral microbiome regulate responses to pulmonary pathogens and whether they interfere in inflammatory lung disease pathogenesis [26] is still under study. [...]a growing body of evidence highlights that gut and oral dysbioses, interconnected with the local microbial and inflammatory environment of the lung, liver, and other organs, are crucially implied in a multitude of diseases also involving distant organs.